cerpen ( The Crying Stone )

In a small village, a girl lives with her mother. The girl is very beautiful. Everyday she puts make-up and wears her best clothes. She doesn’t like to help her mother work in a field. The girl is very lazy.

One day, the mother asks the girl to accompany her to go to the market to buy some food. At first the girl refuses, but the mother persua des her by saying they are going to buy new clothes. The girl finally agrees. But she asks her mother to walk behind her. She doesn’t want to walk side by side with her mother. Although her mother is very sad, she agrees to walk behind her daughter.

On the way to the market, everybody admires the girl’s beauty. They are also curious. Behind the beautiful girl, there is an old woman with a simple dress. The girl and her mother look very different!

“Hello, pretty lady. Who is the woman behind you?” asks them.
“She is my servant,” answers the girl.
The mother is very sad, but she doesn’t say anything.
The girl and the mother meet other people. Again they ask who the woman behind the beautiful girl. Again the girl answers that her mother is her servant. She always says that her mother is her servant every time they meet people.

At last, the mother cannot hold the pain anymore. She prays to God to punish her daughter. God answers her prayer. Slowly, the girl’s leg turns into stone. The process continues to the upper part of the girl’s body. The girl is very panicky.

“Mother, please forgive me!” she cries and ask her mother to forgive her.
But it’s too late. Her whole body finally becomes a big stone. Until now people still can see tears falling down the stone. People then call it the crying stone or batu menangis.

puisi ( To Love )

I was in the endless my solitude space,
Miserable and moaning at every track of time,
Where I found longing?
Or a heart left to freeze,
Icebergs into the stone,
Is there a dark soul will be shut,
Imprisoned in the heart of bitterness,
Why are you scatter plot romance until I stumbled and fell in love with folded arms?
The love that makes me hurt and cried for days without stopping,
Love that imprison me in a full range of punishment of time,
I love the peel with a sharp razor nicks,
The love that makes me drunk and destroyed, then pain, and torture in the cramped space and quiet.
Love that never ends. end and I started to hurt and after injury,
It is love that makes me drowning in a toxic storm,
Love the moaning in the sinking sun and the dark torment,
Auhhhh ... ...! I slumped, staring at empty space always
Looked at me full of humble, full of weeping and crying,
Is sick of me love stoned to death in a cruel punishment!

Jakartans Story

Jakarta ( /dʒəˈkɑrtə/), officially known as the Special Capital Territory of Jakarta (Indonesian: Daerah Khusus Ibu Kota Jakarta), is the capital and largest city of Indonesia. Located on the northwest coast of Java, Jakarta is the country's economic, cultural and political centre, and with a population of 10,187,595 as of November 2011^[2], it is the most populous city in Indonesia and in Southeast Asia, and is the twelfth-largest city in the world. The official metropolitan area, known as Jabodetabekjur, is the second largest in the world, yet the city's suburbs still continue beyond it. Jakarta is listed as a global city in the 2008 Globalization and World Cities Study Group and Network (GaWC) research.^[3] and has an area of 661 square kilometres (255 sq mi)
Based on Brooking Institute survey about growth, in 2011 Jakarta ranked 17th among the world's 200 largest cities, a significant jump from 2007 when Jakarta ranked 171st. Jakarta has seen more rapid growth than Kuala Lumpur, Beijing and Bangkok.^[4]
Established in the fourth century, the city became an important trading port for the Kingdom of Sunda. It was the de facto capital of the Dutch East Indies (when it was known as Batavia) and has continued as the capital of Indonesia since the country's independence was declared in 1945.
The city is the seat of the ASEAN Secretariat. Jakarta is served by the Soekarno-Hatta International Airport, Halim Perdanakusuma International Airport, and Tanjung Priok Harbour; it is connected by several intercity and commuter railways, and served by several bus lines running on reserved busways.The site which nowadays is referred to as Jakarta, has been home to multiple settlements along with their respective names: Sunda Kelapa (397–1527), Jayakarta (1527–1619), Batavia (1619–1949), and Djakarta (1949–1972).
Its current name is derived from the word "Jayakarta". The origins of this word lie in the Old Javanese and thus ultimately in the Sanskrit language. "Jayakarta" translates as "victorious deed", "complete act", or "complete victory".
Jakarta is nicknamed Big Durian, because the city is seen as the Indonesian equivalent of New York City (the Big Apple).^[5]

History

Pre-colonial era

The area in and around modern Jakarta was part of the fourth century Sundanese kingdom of Tarumanagara, one of the oldest Hindu kingdoms in Indonesia.^[6] Following the decline of Tarumanagara, its territories, including the Jakarta area, became part of the Kingdom of Sunda. From 7th to early 13th century port of Sunda is within the sphere of influence of Srivijaya maritime empire. According to the Chinese source, Chu-fan-chi, written circa 1200, Chou Ju-kua reported in the early 13th century Srivijaya still ruled Sumatra, the Malay peninsula, and western Java (Sunda). The source reports the port of Sunda as strategic and thriving, pepper from Sunda being among the best in quality. The people worked in agriculture and their houses were built on wooden piles.^[7] The harbour area became known as Sunda Kelapa and by the fourteenth century, it was a major trading port for Sunda kingdom.
The first European fleet, four Portuguese ships from Malacca, arrived in 1513 when the Portuguese were looking for a route for spices.^[8] The Kingdom of Sunda made an alliance treaty with Portugal by allowing the Portuguese to build a port in 1522 in order to defend against the rising power of the Sultanate of Demak from central Java.^[9] In 1527, Fatahillah, a Javanese general from Demak attacked and conquered Sunda Kelapa, driving out the Portuguese. Sunda Kelapa was renamed Jayakarta,^[9] and became a fiefdom of the Sultanate of Banten which became a major Southeast Asia trading center.
Through the relationship with Prince Jayawikarta from the Sultanate of Banten, Dutch ships arrived in Jayakarta in 1596. In 1602, the English East India Company's first voyage, commanded by Sir James Lancaster, arrived in Aceh and sailed on to Banten where they were allowed to build a trading post. This site became the center of English trade in Indonesia until 1682.^[10]
Jayawikarta is thought to have made trading con

Colonial era

When relations between Prince Jayawikarta and the Dutch deteriorated, Jayawikarta's soldiers attacked the Dutch fortress. Prince Jayakarta's army and the English were defeated by the Dutch, in part owing to the timely arrival of Jan Pieterszoon Coen (J.P. Coen). The Dutch burned the English fort, and forced the English to retreat on their ships. The victory consolidated Dutch power and in 1619 they renamed the city Batavianections with the English merchants, rivals of the Dutch, by allowing them to build houses directly across from the Dutch buildings in 1615.^{[11]
Commercial opportunities in the capital of the Dutch colony attracted Indonesian and especially Chinese immigrants. This sudden population increase created burdens on the city. Tensions grew as the colonial government tried to restrict Chinese migration through deportations. On 9 October 1740, 5,000 Chinese were massacred by the Dutch and the following year, Chinese inhabitants were moved to Glodok outside the city walls.[12] The city began to move further south as epidemics in 1835 and 1870 encouraged more people to move far south of the port. The Koningsplein, now Merdeka Square was completed in 1818, the housing park of Menteng was started in 1913,[13] and Kebayoran Baru was the last Dutch-built residential area.[12] By 1930 Batavia had more than 500,000 inhabitants,[14] including 37,067 Europeans.[15]}
During World War II, the city was renamed from Batavia to "Jakarta" (short form of Jayakarta) by the Indonesian nationalists after conquering the city from the Dutch in 1942 with the help of the Japanese forces

Independence era

Following World War II, Indonesian Republicans withdrew from Allied-occupied Jakarta during their fight for Indonesian independence and established their capital in Yogyakarta. In 1950, once independence was secured, Jakarta was once again made the national capital.^[12] Indonesia's founding president, Sukarno, envisaged Jakarta as a great international city, and instigated large government-funded projects with openly nationalistic and modernist architecture.^[17][18] Projects included a clover-leaf highway, a major boulevard (Jalan MH Thamrin-Sudirman), monuments such as The National Monument, Hotel Indonesia, a shopping centre, and a new parliament building. In October 1965, Jakarta was the site of an abortive coup attempt in which 6 top generals were killed, precipitating a violent anti-communist purge in which half-a million people were killed, including many ethnic Chinese,^[19] and the beginning of Suharto's New Order. A monument stands where the generals' bodies were dumped.
In 1966, Jakarta was declared a "special capital city district" (daerah khusus ibukota), thus gaining a status approximately equivalent to that of a state or province.^[20] Lieutenant General Ali Sadikin served as Governor from the mid-60's commencement of the "New Order" through to 1977; he rehabilitated roads and bridges, encouraged the arts, built several hospitals, and a large number of new schools. He also cleared out slum dwellers for new development projects—some for the benefit of the Suharto family^[21][22]—and tried to eliminate rickshaws and ban street vendors. He began control of migration to the city in order to stem the overcrowding and poverty.^[23] Foreign investment contributed to a real estate boom which changed the face of the city.^{[24]
The boom ended with the 1997/98 East Asian Economic crisis putting Jakarta at the center of violence, protest, and political maneuvering. After 32 years in power, support from President Suharto began to wane. Tensions reached a peak in when four students were shot dead at Trisakti University by security forces; four days of riots and violence ensued that killed an estimated 1,200, and destroyed or damaged 6,000 buildings.[25] Much of the rioting targeted Chinese Indonesians.[26] Suharto resigned as president, and Jakarta has remained the focal point of democratic change in Indonesia.[27] Jemaah Islamiah-connected bombings occurred almost annually in the city between 2000 and 2005,[12] with another bombing in 2009.[28}

Geography

Jakarta is located on the northwest coast of Java, at the mouth of the Ciliwung River on Jakarta Bay, which is an inlet of the Java Sea. Officially, the area of the Jakarta Special District is 662 km² of land area and 6,977 km² of sea area.^[39] Jakarta lies in a low, flat basin, averaging 7 metres (23 ft) above sea level;^{[citation needed]} 40% of Jakarta, particularly the northern areas, is below sea level,^[40] while the southern parts are comparatively hilly. Rivers flow from the Puncak highlands to the south of the city, across the city northwards towards the Java Sea; the most important^{[clarification needed]} is the Ciliwung River, which divides the city into the western and eastern principalities. Other rivers include the Pesanggrahan, and Sunter.
These rivers, combined with Jakarta's low topography make it prone to flooding from swollen rivers in the wet season and high sea tides. Other contributing factors include clogged sewage pipes and waterways that service an increasing population, in addition to deforestation near rapidly urbanizing Bogor and Depok in Jakarta's hinterland. Furthermore, Jakarta is an urban area with complex socio-economic problems that indirectly contribute to triggering a flood event.^[41] Major floods occurred in 1996^[42][43] when 5,000 hectares of land were flooded^[44] and 2007.^[45] Losses from infrastructure damage and state revenue were at least 5.2 trillion rupiah (572 million US dollars) and at least 85 people were killed^[46] and about 350,000 people forced from their homes.^[47] Approximately 70% of Jakarta's total area was flooded with water up to four meters deep in parts of the city.^[48][49]
In May 2011, the Jakarta Environmental Management Agency categorized all rivers in Jakarta as polluted; 71% of them were heavily polluted, 20% were partly polluted and 9% were lightly polluted.^[50]
East Flood Canal (BKT) in eastern Jakarta was a national project which began in 2003 and late 2009 reached the Java sea and will be accomplished in 2011. It was 23.5 kilometers length which linking five rivers: Cipinang, Sunter, Buaran, Jati Kramat and Cakung. It will reduce flood and hope as a 2 kilometers rowing sport venue too.^[51] To ease from flood, Jakarta Emergency Dredging Innitiave (JEDI) phase-2 will make underground canal (siphon) from Ciliwung river to Cipinang river and then go through to East Flood Canal. It will lowering flood at Cawang, Kampung Melayu, Bukit Duri and Kebun Baru. The length will be one kilometer and will be finished at 2016.^[52]
Besides flood from the rivers, Jakarta is also sinking about 5 to 10 centimeters each year and up to 20 centimeters in northern Jakarta mainland. To solve it, the Netherlands will give $4 million for a feasibility study to build a dike on Jakarta Bay. The ring dike will be provided with pumping system and retention area, would regulate and control seawater and use also as additional toll road. The project will be built by 2025.^[53]
The Thousand Islands, which are administratively a part of Jakarta, are located in Jakarta Bay north of the city.

Culture

As the economic and political capital of Indonesia, Jakarta attracts many domestic immigrants who bring their various languages, dialects, foods and customs

The "Betawi" (Orang Betawi, or "people of Batavia") is a term used to describe the descendants of the people living in and around Batavia and recognized as an ethnic group from around the 18th–19th century. The Betawi people are mostly descended from various Southeast-Asian ethnic groups brought or attracted to Batavia to meet labor needs, and include people from different parts of Indonesia.^[55] The language and Betawi culture are distinct from those of the Sundanese or Javanese. The language is mostly based on the East Malay dialect and enriched by loan words from Dutch, Portuguese, Sundanese, Javanese, Chinese, and Arabic. Nowadays, the Jakarta dialect (Bahasa Jakarta), used as a street language by people in Jakarta, is loosely based on the Betawi language.
Betawi arts have a low profile in Jakarta, and most Betawi have moved to the suburbs of Jakarta, displaced by new migrants. It is easier to find Java- or Minang-based wedding ceremonies rather than Betawi weddings in Jakarta. It is easier to find Javanese Gamelan instead of Gambang Kromong (a mixture between Betawi and Chinese music) or Tanjidor (a mixture between Betawi and Portuguese music) or Marawis (a mixture between Betawi and Yaman music). However, some festivals such as the Jalan Jaksa Festival or Kemang Festival include efforts to preserve Betawi arts by inviting artists to give performances.^[56]
There has been a significant Chinese community in Jakarta for many centuries. The Chinese in Jakarta traditionally reside around old urban areas, such as Jakarta Kota, Pluit and Glodok (Jakarta Chinatown) areas. They also can be found in old chinatowns of Senen and Jatinegara. Officially, they make up 6% of the Jakartan population, although this number may be under-reported.^[57] Chinese culture also had influenced Betawi culture, such as the popularity of Chinese cakes and sweets, firecrackers, to Betawi wedding attire that demonstrates Chinese and Arab influences.
Jakarta has several performing art centers, such as the Taman Ismail Marzuki (TIM) art center in Cikini, Gedung Kesenian Jakarta near Pasar Baru, Balai Sarbini in Plaza Semanggi area, Bentara Budaya Jakarta in Palmerah area, Pasar Seni (Art Market) in Ancol, and traditional Indonesian art performances at the pavilions of some provinces in Taman Mini Indonesia Indah. Traditional music is often found at high-class hotels, including Wayang and Gamelan performances. Javanese Wayang Orang performances can be found at Wayang Orang Bharata theater near Senen bus terminal. As the nation's largest city and capital, Jakarta has lured much national and regional talent who hope to find a greater audience and more opportunities for success.
Jakarta hosts several prestigious art and culture festivals, and exhibitions, such as the annual Jakarta International Film Festival (JiFFest), Jakarta International Java Jazz Festival, Jakarta Fashion Week, Jakarta Fashion & Food Festival (JFFF), Indonesia Creative Products and Jakarta Arts and Crafts exhibition. Flona Jakarta is a flora-and-fauna exhibition, held annually in August at Lapangan Banteng Park, featuring flowers, plant nurseries, and pets. The Jakarta Fair is held annually from mid-June to mid-July to celebrate the anniversary of the city and is largely centered around a trade fair. However this month-long fair also features entertainment, including arts and music performances by local bands and musicians.
Several foreign art and culture centers are also established in Jakarta, and mainly serve to promote culture and language through learning centers, libraries, and art galleries. Among these foreign art and cultural centers are China Confucius Institute, Netherlands Erasmus Huis, UK British Council, France Centre Culturel Français, Germany Goethe-Institut, Japan Foundation, and the Jawaharlal Nehru Indian Cultural Center.

Economy

Jakarta's economy depends heavily on financial service, trade, and manufacturing. Industries in Jakarta include electronics, automotive, chemicals, mechanical engineering and biomedical sciences manufacturing.

The economic growth of Jakarta in 2007 was 6.44% up from 5.95% the previous year, with the growth in the transportation and communication (15.25%), construction (7.81%) and trade, hotel and restaurant sectors (6.88%).^[36] In 2007, GRP (Gross Regional Domestic Product) was Rp. 566 trillion (around $US 56 billion). The largest contributions to GDRP were by finance, ownership and business services (29%); trade, hotel and restaurant sector (20%), and manufacturing industry sector (16%).^[36] In 2007, the increase in per capita GRDP of DKI Jakarta inhabitants was 11.6% compared to the previous year^[36]
Both GRDP by at current market price and GRDP by at 2000 constant price in 2007 for the Municipality of Central Jakarta (Jakarta Pusat), which was Rp 146 million rupiahs and Rp 81 million rupiahs, was higher than other municipalities in DKI Jakarta.^[36

Governance

A new law in 2007 forbids the giving of money to beggars, buskers and hawkers, bans squatter settlements on river banks and highways, and prohibits spitting and smoking on public transportation. Unauthorized people cleaning car windscreens and taking tips for directing traffic at intersections will also be penalized. Critics of the new legislation claim that such laws will be difficult to enforce and it tends to ignore the desperate poverty of many of the capital's inhabitants.^[59]
Copying the idea of Singapore's Orchard Road, in 2011, Jakarta's administration will restrict on-street parking on Hayam Wuruk Street and Gajah Mada Street in Central Jakarta. It will then remove illegal vendors at trotoaire and beggars from the area.^[60]

Water supply

For more details on this topic, see Water privatization in Jakarta.

Two private companies, PALYJA and Aetra, provide piped water supply in the western and eastern half of Jakarta respectively under 25-year concession contracts signed in 1998. A public asset holding company called PAM Jaya owns the infrastructure. 80% of the water distributed in Jakarta comes through the West Tarum Canal system from Jatiluhur reservoir on the Citarum River 70 km (43 mi) southeast of the city. Water supply had been privatized by government of then President Suharto in 1998 to the French company Suez Environnement and the British company Thames Water International. Both foreign companies subsequently sold their concessions to Indonesian companies. Customer growth in the 7 first years of the concessions had been lower than before, despite substantial inflation-adjusted tariff increases during this period. In 2005 tariffs were frozen, leading the private water companies to cut down on investments.
According to PALYJA in its western half of the concession the service coverage ratio increased substantially from 34% in 1998 to 59% in 2007 and 65% in 2010.^[61] According to data by the Jakarta Water Supply Regulatory Body, access in the eastern half of the city served by PTJ increased from about 57% in 1998 to about 67% in 2004, but stagnated after that.^[62] However, other sources cite much lower access figures for piped water supply to houses, excluding access provided through public hydrants: One study estimated access as low as 25% in 2005,^[63] while another source estimates it to be as low as 18.5% in 2011.^[64] Those without access to piped water supply get water mostly from wells that are often salty and polluted with bacteria.

Sports

Jakarta was host to the Asian Games in 1962,^[73] host of the Asian Cup 2007 beside Malaysia, Thailand and Vietnam,^[74] and has hosted the regional-scale Southeast Asian Games in 1979, 1987 and 1997. In 2011, Jakarta together with Palembang, again host the Southeast Asian Games.
Jakarta's most popular home football club is Persija, which plays its matches in their home stadium at Bung Karno Stadium. The home match of Persija often draws its large fan – cladded with Persija's typical orange kit – to watch the match in the main stadium. The large spectators flocking to the main stadium usually worsen the traffic congestion in Jakarta. Another premiere division team is Persitara which plays its matches in the Kamal Muara Stadium in Kamal area.
The biggest stadium in Jakarta is the Gelora Bung Karno Stadium with a capacity of 88,083 seats.^[75] The Senayan sports complex has several sport venues, including the Bung Karno soccer stadium, Madya Stadium, Istora Senayan, aquatic arena, baseball field, basketball court, badminton court, a shooting range, several indoor and outdoor tennis court and a golf driving range. The Senayan complex was built in 1959 to accommodate the Asian Games in 1962. For basketball, the Kelapa Gading Sport Mall in Kelapa Gading, North Jakarta, with a capacity of 7,000 seats, is the home arena of the Indonesian national basketball team.
The Jakarta Car-Free Days are held monthly on every last Sunday of the month on the main avenues of the city, Jalan Sudirman and Jalan Thamrin, from 6 am to 12 pm. The briefer Car-Free Day which lasts from only 6 am to 9 am is held on every other Sunday. The event invites local pedestrians to do sports and exercise and have their activities on the streets that are normally full of cars and traffic. Along the road from the Senayan traffic circle on Jalan Sudirman, South Jakarta, to the "Selamat Datang" Monument at the Hotel Indonesia traffic circle on Jalan Thamrin, all the way north to the National Monument in Central Jakarta, cars are cleared out for pedestrians. Morning gymnastics, calisthenics and aerobic exercises, futsal games, jogging, bicycling, skateboarding, badminton, karate, and on-street library and musical performances take over the roads and the main parks in Jakarta.^[7

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kalimat pronoun dan adjektif

Nama : Ofiyanti Putri
Kelas : 1EA06
NPM : 15211430

KALIMAT PRONOUN
1. This house is mine. (rumah ini adalah rumahku).
2. That house is his. (rumah itu adalah rumahnya).
3. This dictionary is yours. (kamus ini adalah kamusmu).
4. I like your shoes but I don’t like mine. (Saya suka spatumu, tapi saya tidak suka sepatuku).
5. Those books are his now. (Buku-buku itu adalah buku-bukunya sekarang).
6. This new bag is mine. (Tas baru ini adalah tasku).
7. That television is ours. (TV itu adalah TV kami).
8. These beautiful cars are theirs. (Mobil-mobil cantik ini adalah mobil-mobil mereka).
9. That pencil is yours. (Pensil itu adalah pensilmu).
10. This dictionary is his. (Kamus ini adalah kamusnya).
Kalimat adjektif

• I’m really happy today.
• She’s got a new job so she feels great.
• You look wonderful!
• This chicken tastes delicious.
• She has a cute puppy.
• SThat’s a good book.
• That’s a very good book.
• She’s a talented girl.
• She’s an incredibly talented girl.

kalimat aktif dan pasif

Simple future tense

Nick well help merry. (Kalimat aktif)
Merry will be nick. (Kalimat pasif)
Merry is going to be helped by nick. ( kalimat pasif)

Future perfect tense

Nick will have helped merry. (Kalimat aktif)
Merry will have been helped by nick. (Kalimat pasif)

Simple past tense

Nick helped merry (kalimat aktif)
Merry was helped by nick (kalimat pasif)

Past continue tense

Nick was helping merry (kalimat aktif)
Merry was being helped by nick (kalimat pasif)

Past perfect tense

Nick had helped merry (kalimat aktif)
Merry had been helped by nick (kalimat pasif)

Simple present tense

Nick helps merry (kalimat aktif)
Merry is helped by nick (kalimat pasif )

Present perfect tense

Nick has helped merry (kalimat aktif)
Merry has been helped by nick (kalimat pasif)

definision of bussines

Nama : Ofiyanti Putri
NPM : 15211430
Kelas : 1EA06



Definition of Management

The term comes from the word management management (English), derived from the word "to manage", which means care or governance. So that management can be defined how to organize, guide and lead all people who become subordinate to efforts being undertaken to achieve the goals set earlier. Many experts who give a definition of management, including:

1. Harold Koontz & O 'Donnel in his book entitled "Principles of Management" suggests, "Management is something related to the achievement of goals through and with others" (Dayat, nd, Q6)

2. George R. Terry in a book entitled "Principles of Management" provides a definition: "Management is a process that distinguishes the planning, organizing, mobilizing the implementation and supervision, using both science and art, in order to complete the goals set before" (Dayat, nd , Q6)

3. Ensiclopedia of The Social Sciences
Management is defined as the process of implementing a particular purpose and diarvasi held.

4. Mary Parker Follett
Management is the art of the work done through others.

5. Thomas H. Nelson
The company management is the science and art of combining ideas, facilities, processes, materials and people to produce goods or services that are beneficial and profitable to sell it.

6. G.R. Terri,
Management is defined as the typical process consists of planning, organizing, implementing and monitoring conducted to determine and achieve business goals by utilizing the human resources and other resources.

7. James A. F. Stoner
Management is defined as the process of planning, organizing, leadership, and oversight efforts (efforts) members of the organization and use all the resources the organization to achieve its intended purpose.

8. Oei Liang Lie
Management is the science and art of planning organizing, directing, coordinating and monitoring of human and natural resources, especially human resources to achieve the intended purpos


Management principles are the basics or guidelines that are the subject of work that should not be overlooked by every manager / leader. In practice should be sought so that the principles of management should not be rigid, but must be flexible, that could be changed as needed. Management principles consist of:
1. balanced division of labor
In handing out tasks to all the relatives and the type of work, a manager should be fair, that should be just as good and provide a balanced workload.

2. Granting authority and responsibility of the firm and clear Any relatives or employees working should be given full authority to carry out their duties properly and to account to the boss directly.

3. Discipline
Discipline is the willingness to do business or real activity (work in accordance with the type of work into tasks and responsibilities) under the plan, regulations and time (working time) has been determined.

4. Unity of command
Any employee or relative of the work should only receive one type of order from a supervisor (supervisor / section head / head section), rather than a few people who both feel that a supervisor of employees / relatives of the work.

5. Unity of direction
Activities should have the same goals and led by an immediate supervisor and work plan based on the same (one goal, one plan, and one leader).

If this principle is not implemented then there will be divisions among the relatives of the work / employee. Because there is given a task that many and some are little, but they have the same ability (Dayat, nd, pp.7-9).
management is the process of achieving goals through the work of others. Thus there is a minimum of means in the management of 4 (four) characteristic, namely:
1. There are goals to be achieved
2. There are a leader (supervisor)
3. There is headed (subordinate)
4. There is cooperation.

Function and Management Objectives
The success of an activity or a job depends on its management. The work will be successful if management is good and regular, in which the management itself is a device to perform certain processes related functions. The point is a series of activities from early stages of activity or work until the end of the achievement of the activities or work.
The division of management functions according to some management experts, among them are:
1. According to Dalton E.M.C. Farland (1990) in "Management Principles and Management", management functions are divided into:
• Planning (Planning).
• Organizing (Organizing).
• Control (Controlling).


2. According to George R. Ferry (1990) in "Principles of Management", the management process is divided into:
• Planning (Planning).
• Organizing (Organizing).
• Control (Controlling).
• Implementation (Activating).
3. According to H. Koontz and O'Donnell (1991) in "The Principles of Management", processes and management functions are divided into:
• Planning (Planning).
• Organizing (Organizing).
• Control (Controlling).
• Directing (Directing).

Functions - Functions of management:
l) The function of planning
At hakekatrya planning is the process of decision making that are the basis for economical and effective kegiatan-kegiatan/tindakan-tindakan in the future. This requires thinking Pross tentmg what needs to be done, how and where an activity needs to be done and who is responsible for its implementation.

2) The function of organizing
Organizing the functions can be defined as the process of creating relationships between the functions, personnel and physical factors to the activities to be implemented together and directed towards the achievement of common goals.

3) The function of the direction
Directing is the management function in order to stimulate the actions really executed. Because of those actions performed by people, it includes providing direction and motivation of the commands on the personnel who carry out those commands.

4) The function of coordinating
A coordinated effort is where the employee's activities in harmony. focused and integrated in to the common goals. Coordination is thus indispensable in order to obtain unity of the organization acting in the achievement of organizational goals.

5) The function of supervision
Oversight function is essentially to set whether the activities in accordance with the requirements specified in the plan. So that brings us to the supervision of the planning function. More clearly. comprehensive and coordinated plans are more complete control.

direct-indirect

kalimat direct dan indirect

ex :
Present tense - Any tense (bentuk waktu apapun)

1.Direct : She says to her friend, ” I have been writing “.
Indirect : She says to her friend that he has been writing.

2. Direct : She has told you, ” I am reading “.
Indirect : She has told you that he is reading.

3.Direct : She will say, ” You have done wrongly “.
Indirect : She will tell you that you have done wrongly.

4.Direct : She will say,” The boy wasn’t lazy “.
Indirect : She will tell them that the boy wasn’t lazy.

a. Command :

5. Direct : He said to his servant, “Go away at once!”

Indirect :He ordered his servant to go away at once

b. Precept :

6 .Direct : She said to her son, “Study hard!”

Indirect : He advised her son to study hard

c. Request :

7.Direct : He said to his friend, “Please lend me your pen!”

Indirect : He asked his friend to be kind enough to lend him his pencil

d. Entreaty :

8. Direct : He said to his master, “Pardon me, sir”

Indirect: He begged his master to pardon him.

e. Prohibition :

9. Direct : She said to her daughter, “Don’t go there”

Indirect : She forbade her daughter to go there

Kalau reporting verb say atau tell diubah menjadi reported verb ask, order, command dsb (tapi jika bukan forbid), predikatnya diubah ke dalam infinitive with to yang didahului oleh not atau no + infinitive with to.

Direct : She said to her daughter, “Don’t go there”

Indirect : She asked herdaughter not to go there.




a. Exclamatory sentences

10. Direct : He said, “Hurrah! My old friend has come”

Indirect : He exclaimed with joy that his old friend had come.

b. Optative sentences (kalimat yang menyatakan harapan, pujian, dsb)

Direct : He said, “God bless you, my dear son “

Indirect : He prayed that God would bless his dear son